ASTR 222 - Galaxies and Cosmology

Spring 2025,
M/W 12:45-2:00
Department of Astronomy
Case Western Reserve University

Instructor: Professor Chris Mihos

Email: mihos@case.edu
Office: Sears 557
Office Hours: Mon/Wed 2-3, or drop-in (except the hour before class...).

Teaching Assistant: Francis Duey
Email: fxd113@case.edu
Office: Sears 545
Office Hours: Tue 1-2 / Fri 11-12

Course Websites:

Lecture Material, Syllabus, Schedule: http://burro.case.edu/Academics/Astr222/
Homework and Grades: via Canvas

Textbooks: There are no required textbooks, but supplemental readings will be suggested from:

Foundations of Astrophysics, by Ryden and Peterson (RP)
Galaxies in the Universe, by Sparke and Gallagher (SG)

Other Help Sources:

Attendance Policy:

Regular, on time attendance is expected; habitual absences typically correlate quite strongly with poor academic outcomes. However, if you have an occasional need to miss a class, that's fine and there is no need to inform me ahead of time unless it is an extended situation (illness, travel, etc).

Grading Policies:

Homeworks can be discussed collaboratively, but each person must turn in their own solutions with unique writeup/analysis. Collaborative means talking with each other about approaches, techniques, etc. Collaborative does not mean sitting side-by-side working out the answers, or swapping final solutions to copy!

Homework should be submitted in the form of a pdf file, uploaded to the course Canvas page. Assignments are due at 5:00pm on the due date unless otherwise noted.

Late HW policy: You get one free late homework
(up to one week late), no questions asked. After that, it's a penalty of 20% per every 24 hrs late, unless you have an prearranged, excused reason.

Missed test policy: Don't miss tests. If you are ill or have some other critical reason for missing a test, you must let me know in advance of the test, and document the reason through Undergrad Studies.

Grade Weights

Homework
40%
Midterm #1
15%
Midterm #2
15%
Final Exam
30%

Due Dates

(subject to change...)

HW #1
Jan 29
HW #2
Feb 19
Midterm #1
Feb 24
(in classroom)
HW #3
Mar 7
HW #4
Apr 2
Midterm #2
Apr 9
(in classroom)
HW #5
Apr 28
Final Exam
May 7
8:00 - 11:00
(in classroom)




Grading Scale

A
90-100
B
80-89
C
70-79
D
55-69
F
<55




Schedule and Content

(all subject to change)

Date Topics Lecture Notes
Other Materials

Astronomer's Toolbox
Statistics, Errors, and Fitting

Course Notes by Theme:
Milky Way (Jan 13 - Feb 10)
Galaxies (Feb 10 - Apr 2)
Cosmology (Apr 2 - May 7)

Jan 13 Intro to the Milky Way
Modeling Star Counts
Kapteyn and Shapley Models of the Milky Way
Toolbox 1-8
MW 1-6
RP: 19.1
Jan 15
Distances to Stars: Parallax
Distances to Stars: Main Sequence Fitting
The Complications of Dust
Distances to Stars: Pulsating Variables
MW 7-24
SG 2.1.1, 2.2.3
RP 17.3
3D Dust Maps
Jan 20
MLK Day - no class


Jan 22
Homework #1 Discussion
Metallicity and Chemical Evolution
Structure of the Milky Way: Disk, Bulge, Halo

SG 1.2, 1.2.1
RP 16.1
Jan 27
The Interstellar Medium
SG 2.4
RP 16.2

Jan 29
Solar Motion
The Velocities of Stars
The Oort Limit
Rotation Curve and Dark Matter

RP 19.2 - 19.6
SG 2.3
Jupyter Notebook: Boolean Flags
Feb 3
Statistics and Fitting
Description of HW #2

Jupyter Notebooks:
1) Counts/Histograms
2) Binning/Fitting

Feb 5

The Galactic Center
Satellite Galaxies

RP 19.7, SG 4.1
Satellite Galaxy animations:
1) Face-on
2) Edge-on
3) Fly-through
Feb 10
The Local Group
Intro to Galaxies: The Great Debate, Morphology, and General Properties

RP 20.1
SG 4.2, 1.3
Andromeda/MilkyWay merger animation
Feb 12
Stellar Populations, Surface Brightness, and Integrated Light

Stellar pop animations:
1) Single Burst models
2) Exponential SFR models
Feb 17
TBD


Feb 19
Spiral Galaxies I: Profiles, Colors, Gradients, and Kinematics

SG 5.1-5.4
Feb 24
Midterm Exam #1 (in class)
(covering material up to and including Feb 15)
Practice Midterm
Practice Midterm Answers
Equations and Constants

Bring a scientific calculator to the test!
Feb 26
Spiral Galaxies II: Spiral Structure and Bars

SG 5.5
M81 in blue and red filters
Solving Functions notebook
HW 3 Prob 1 guide
Mar 3
Discussion of HW #2
Elliptical Galaxies I: Structure, Colors, and Gas

SG 6.1, 6.3
Mar 5
Elliptical Galaxies II: Kinematics
Discussion of Midterm #1

SG 6.2, 6.4
Mar 10
Spring Break - no class

Mar 12
Spring Break - no class

Mar 17
Starburst Galaxies
Galaxy Interactions and Collisions

RP 22.2
SG 7.1.1, 7.1.2

Movies:
Mar 19
Galaxy Interactions and Collisions (cont)
Extragalactic Distances and Hubble's Law


Mar 24
Active Galaxies and Quasars

RP: 21.1-21.3
SG: 9.1
Mar 26 TBD

Mar 31
Active Galaxies and Quasars (cont)
Galaxy Clusters

RP: 22.1-22.3
SG: 7.1-7.2
Galaxy Cluster Formation Movies:
Apr 2
Large Scale Structure
The Expanding Universe and Cosmological Parameters

RP: 22.3, 23.1-23.3

Apr 7
R(t): the Expansion History under Differing Cosmologies
Ages and LookBack Times
The Microwave Background

RP 23.1
Apr 9
Midterm Exam #2 (in class)
(covering material from Feb 22: Spiral Galaxies I through Apr 5: Large Scale Structure, and concepts in HW #3 and HW #4)
Practice Midterm
Equations and Constants

Bring a scientific calculator to the test!
Apr 14
Smoothness, Flatness, and Inflation
The "Cosmological Crisis" of the Early 1990s
CMB and Supernova Cosmology
The Modern Cosmological Model


Apr 16
Description of HW #5
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis


Apr 21
The Evolution of Early Density Fluctuations
Flavors of Dark Matter
Structure Formation
Hierarchical Galaxy Formation


Apr 23
Galaxy Formation Simulations
Observing High Redshift Galaxies
JWST and the Early Universe

Visuals shown in class:
Apr 28
The Future of the Universe

Andromeda / Milky Way merger movie
May 7
Final Exam (in class)
8:00am - 11:00am
Practice Final Exam
Equations and Constants

Bring a scientific calculator to the test!



Learning Outcomes

After taking this course, students should be able to:
  • Describe the structure and kinematics of the Milky Way galaxy.
  • Understand techniques for determining distances both within our Galaxy and to other galaxies.
  • Characterize the properties of galaxies of different morphological type.
  • Describe how galaxies cluster in the universe.
  • Understand the kinematic scaling relationships for galaxies of different types.
  • Explain how galaxy interactions drive evolution in galaxies and clusters.
  • Describe the various cosmological parameters and their effect on the expansion history of the Universe.
  • Derive quantitative relationships for the expansion history of the universe.
  • Describe qualitatively the evolution of the hot big bang model.
  • Describe the growth of structure and the evolution of galaxies as a function of cosmic time.
  • Describe current galaxy formation models.
  • Retrieve and use online datasets to study our Galaxy and other galaxies.
  • Write quantitative computational tools to analyse astronomical datasets.


Accessibility Statement

In accordance with federal law, if you have a documented disability, you may be eligible to request accommodations from Disability Resources.  In order to be considered for accommodations, you must first register with the Disability Resources office.  Please contact their office to register at 216.368.5230 or get more information on how to begin the process.  Please keep in mind that accommodations are not retroactive.



Academic Integrity Statement

Students at Case Western Reserve University are expected to uphold the highest ethical standards of academic conduct. Academic integrity addresses all forms of academic dishonesty, including cheating, plagiarism, misrepresentation, obstruction, and submitting without permission work to one course that was completed for another course.  Please review the complete academic integrity policy.  Any violation of the policy will be reported to the Dean of Undergraduate Studies and the Office of Student Conduct & Community Standards.